# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> PT-141 references — the full cited literature behind this digest, from the Molinoff mechanism work and the RECONNECT Phase 3 trials to the FDA label and the 2025 studies, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources — the published bremelanotide literature, the FDA structured product label, and the 2025 research.

## About these PT-141 references

These PT-141 references are the complete cited basis for this digest. They include the foundational mechanism pharmacology (Molinoff 2003; Pfaus 2004), the pivotal Phase 3 RECONNECT program and its 52-week extension (Kingsberg 2019; Simon 2019), the US FDA structured product label via DailyMed, the first-approval review (Dhillon 2019), the human fMRI mechanism study (Thurston 2022), the dose-finding and responder analyses, the program-level safety and patient-experience literature, and the 2025 hamster mechanism and review papers. Each numbered entry corresponds to the inline `[N]` markers throughout the site. Citations are provided with DOIs and PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, or DailyMed URLs so any claim can be traced to its source.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[6] Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31312037/
[7] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R. An Effect on the Subjective Sexual Response in Premenopausal Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by Bremelanotide (PT-141), a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist. J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628-638. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16839319/
[8] Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, DeRogatis LR, Kroll R, Goldstein I, et al. Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe-2016-0018
[9] Althof S, Derogatis LR, Greenberg S, Clayton AH, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C. Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide. J Sex Med. 2019;16(8):1226-1235. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277966/
[10] Clayton AH, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Sadiq A, Jordan R, Lucas J, Spana C, Simon JA. Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2022;31(2):171-182. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2021.0191
[11] Koochaki P, Revicki D, Wilson H, Pokrzywinski R, Jordan R, Lucas J, Williams LA. The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(4):587-595. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538638/
[12] Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36242769/
[13] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[14] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[15] How A, Simon JA. Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39846877/

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A documentation-grade reading of the bremelanotide record — the approved label and the Phase 3 endpoints logged to source, the effect-size debate left in plain view, and the field reports fenced off from the evidence; not a clinic, not a vendor, not a prescription.